6 Multiple microbes in both the small and large intestines can convert dietary L-carnitine into GBB, but relatively few can transform GBB into TMA.13 The GBB-to-TMA conversion is much higher in omnivores than in vegans and vegetarians, likely because of differences in the gut microbiota, although this aspect of the L-carnitine-to-TMAO pathway is not fully understood
brasiliensis and were fueled by -HPC
2.4 Carnitine Measurement We punched the dried blood spot papers into 3-mm discs ( 2.5 Ascertainment of Covariates Demographics (age and body mass index [BMI]), lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption), and medical history (age at menarche, postmenopausal status, hypertension diagnosis, type 2 diabetes diagnosis, personal history of cancer, family history of cancer, and parity) were considered as covariates
See Figure 1 for the chemical structures of L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine